60 years on after the Holocaust
A display of books and information to mark the Holocaust is on show at Torquay Library this week to mark the 60th anniversary of the Holocaust. Titles on offer will include one of the most widely read books in the world – The Diary of Anne Frank, an autobiographic account of a German-Jewish teenager forced into hiding with her family by the Nazis during World War 2. Viktor Frankl was trained a psychiatrist before becoming imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps for three years in World War II. In the first part of Man´s Search for Meaning, Experiences in a Concentration Camp, Frankl engrosses the reader the feelings and general experience of the average concentration camp prisoner. In his book "Man's Search For Meaning", he does not focus on the horrific details of the camps, but rather, he poignantly expresses the psychological state produced by these experiences. Library Services has gathered the collection together as part of the nationwide Holocaust Memorial Day on Thursday, January 27, 2005.
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Anne Frank's World
Born on June 12, 1929, Anne Frank was a German-Jewish teenager who was forced to go into hiding during the Holocaust. She and her family, along with four other familys, spent 25 months during World War II in an annex of rooms above her father’s office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. After being betrayed to the Nazis, Anne, her family, and the others living with them were arrested and deported to Nazi concentration camps. In March of 1945, nine months after she was arrested, Anne Frank died of typhus at Bergen-Belsen. She was only fifteen years old.
Otto Frank (Anne Frank's father), is born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on May 12, 1889 and January 16, 1900 Edith Hollander (Anne Frank's mother), is born in Aachen, Germany. 1914-1918: Otto Frank serves in German Army during WWI as a lieutenant. Adolph Hitler also serves from 1914-1920, as a Corporal. On November 11, 1918, The Armistice which ends World War I is signed and later Germany accepts the Versailles Treaty.
September 12, 1919: Hitler joins the National Socialist German Workers' Party.or in German, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, is also known as the Nazi Party.
January 1923: The Nazi Party, helds its first rally in Munich, Germany.
May 12, 1925: Otto Frank and Edith Hollander are married in Aachen, Germany.
July 18, 1925: Mein Kampf, Hitler's autobiography and anti-Semitic plan, is published.
June 12, 1929: Anneliese Marie ßor Anne was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany to Otto Frank and Edith Hollander.
July 31, 1932: The Nazis receive 37.3 percent of the vote and are asked to form a coalition government.
January 30, 1933: Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany. Freedom of speech and assembly is suspended by the Nazi government.
March 1933: The Gestapo, or Secret State Police, is established. Dachau, the main concentration camp for political prisoners, is built. The Nazis declare a boycott of Jewish businesses and medical and legal practices. A law excluding non-Aryans removes Jews from government and teaching positions.
May 10, 1933: Books by Jews, political enemies of the Nazi state, and other "undesirables" are burned in huge rallies throughout Germany.
Summer 1933: The Franks decide that the family must move to the Netherlands because of increasing tensions in Germany. Edith, Margot and Anne Frank join Grandmother Hollander in Aachen. Otto Frank travels to Holland. Later, Otto Frank establishes his firm Opekta Werke in Amsterdam.
July 14, 1933: Hitler bans all political parties except for the Nazi Party.
October 1933: Alice Frank-Stern, Anne's paternal grandmother, moves to Basel in Switzerland.
December 5 1933: Edith and Margot Frank move to Holland.
January 1, 1934: Forced sterilization of the racially "inferior," primarily Gypsies and African-Germans, and the "unfit," the mentally and physically disabled, begins.
February 1934: Anne Frank joins her family in Holland. She attends the kindergarten of the Montessori School.
September 1935: The Nuremberg Laws are passed defining Jews as non-citizens and making mixed Aryan and Jewish marriage illegal.
March 7, 1936: Germans march into the Rhineland, violating the Versailles Treaty.
Summer 1936: Olympic games are held in Berlin, Germany. The United States participates.
Summer 1937: The van Pels family flees from Osnabruck to Holland.
March 12, 1938: Germany annexes Austria.
November 9-10, 1938: In Kristallnacht Jewish businesses and synagogues are looted and destroyed in Germany and in Austria by order of the state.
December 8, 1938: Fritz Pfeffer flees Germany and arrives in Holland.
March 15, 1939: Germany occupies Czechoslovakia.
March 1939: Grandmother Hollander comes to live with the Frank family.
September 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland and starts World War II
September 1939: Hitler implements the T-4 Program, authorizing the killing of the institutionalized, the physically disabled, and the mentally handicapped.
April , May 1940: Germany invades Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.
December 1, 1940: Otto Frank's company moves into the premises at number 263 Prinsengracht. Otto Frank later changed Opekta-Werke name to Messrs. Gies & Company.
Summer 1941: Anne and Margot attend the Jewish School Amsterdam.
July 31, 1941: Hermann Goering authorizes Reinhard Heydrich to find a "Final Solution" to the Jewish question.
December 11, 1941: Germany declares war on the United States.
January 1942: Death of Grandmother Hollander.
January 20, 1942: Heydrich, at the Wannsee Conference, mobilizes Nazi bureaucratic support for a "Final Solution".
February, March, April 1942: Auschwitz, Belzec, and Sobobor all become fully operational death camps.
June 12, 1942: Anne receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
July 5, 1942: Margot Frank, 16, receives a call-up notice to report for deportation to a labor camp. The family goes into hiding the next day.
July 6, 1942: The Frank family leaves their home forever and moves into the 'Secret Annex'.
July 13, 1942: The van Pels family, another Jewish family originally from Germany, joins the Frank family in hiding.
November 16, 1942: Fritz Pfeffer, the eighth and final resident of the Secret Annex, joins the Frank and van Pels families.
February 2, 1943: The encircled German Sixth Army surrenders to Soviet forces at Stalingrad, Russia. The tide of the war begins to turn against Germany.
June 21, 1943: SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders the complete liquidation of all Jewish ghettos in the Soviet Union and Poland.
June 6, 1944: D Day. The Allies invade Western Europe.
August 4, 1944: The residents of the Secret Annex are betrayed and arrested. They were all, including Anne Frank, taken to a police station in Amsterdam. And 4 days later, taken to the transit camp at Westerbork.
September 3, 1944: The eight prisoners are transported in a sealed cattle car to Auschwitz, on the last transport ever to leave Westerbork. Hermann van Pels is gassed on September 6, 1944.
October 6, 1944: Anne and Margot Frank are sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany.
November 25, 1944: To hide Nazi war crimes, the demolition of the crematoria at Auschwitz begins.
December 20, 1944: Fritz Pfeffer dies in Neuengame.
January 6, 1945: Edith Frank dies at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
January 27, 1945: Otto Frank is liberated from Auschwitz by the Russian Army. He is taken first to Odessa and then to France before he is allowed to make his way back to Amsterdam.
February or March 1945: Anne and Margot Frank die at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp within days of each other.
Spring 1945: Mrs. van Pels dies in Theresienstadt concentration camp in Czechoslovakia.
April 30, 1945: Adolph Hitler commits suicide.
May 1945: Peter van Pels dies in Mauthausen.
May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders, and the war ends in Europe.
June 3, 1945: Otto Frank arrives in Amsterdam, where he is reunited with Miep and Jan Gies. He concentrates on finding the whereabouts of Anne and Margot.
October 24, 1945: Otto Frank receives a letter telling him that his daughters died at Bergen-Belsen.
November 20, 1945: The Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals begin.
April 3, 1946: An article in Het Parool discusses Anne's diary.
Summer 1947: 1,500 copies of Anne's diary are published by Contact Publishers in Amsterdam.
1951: The diary is translated into English.
1954: The Dutch Red Cross officially declares that Anne and Margot died at Bergen-Belsen in 1945.
1955: The play based on The Diary of Anne Frank opens on Broadway.
May 1960: The Anne Frank House opens - The former hiding place, where Anne Frank wrote her diary. Today is a well-known museum in Amsterdam. The museum tells the history of the eight people in hiding and those who helped them during the war. Anne Frank's diary is among the original objects on display.
August 19, 1980: Otto Frank dies in Birsfelden, Switzerland. He is 91
1988: Miep Gies writes Anne Frank Remembered.
1995: The "definitive edition" of the diary is published in the United States.
1997: A new adaptation of The Diary of Anne Frank opens on Broadway.
